NAD Telehealth

REFERENCE / SOURCES

NAD+ References: Every Cited Study

The peer-reviewed studies, reviews, structural papers, and pharmacokinetic data this digest draws on, each with a DOI and a PubMed link.

Back to the researchNAD+ and metabolism

About this reference list

Every quantitative claim on this site resolves to one of the numbered entries below. The list spans the controlled human precursor trials (NMN and NR), the mechanistic and structural literature on NAD+ biosynthesis and its consuming enzymes, the pharmacokinetic data on infused NAD+, and the 2024–2025 reviews that frame what is and is not yet established. Identifiers — DOIs and PubMed IDs — are provided so any claim can be checked against its source.

How to read these sources

A few orientation notes. The randomized human trials [1][3][4][6][15] are the load-bearing evidence for what oral precursors do in people — note their species (human), route (oral), dose, and duration when weighing any claim. The mouse and in-vitro work [2][7][8][9] establishes mechanism and rationale but does not, on its own, demonstrate a human effect. The structural and enzymology papers [12][13][16] document how NAD+ is built, not what supplementing it achieves. The 2025 Nature Metabolism review [14] is the most current synthesis of where human efficacy stands. Pharmacokinetic and quality details for the infusion route [10][11] sit with the IV-therapy material. Reading a figure alongside its source's design is the difference between a documented claim and a marketing one.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, Patti GJ, Franczyk MP, Mills KF, Sindelar M, Pietka T, Patterson BW, Imai SI, Klein S. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, Nin V, Escande C, Warner GM, Puranik AS, Schoon RA, Reid JM, Galina A, Chini EN. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, Lin Z, Vaidya A, Pendse S, Thasma S, Andhalkar N, Avhad G, Kumbhar V. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Elhassan YS, Kluckova K, Fletcher RS, et al. Nicotinamide Riboside Augments the Aged Human Skeletal Muscle NAD(+) Metabolome and Induces Transcriptomic and Anti-inflammatory Signatures. Cell Rep. 2019;28(7):1717-1728.e6. ↗
  7. Costford SR, Bajpeyi S, Pasarica M, et al. Skeletal muscle NAMPT is induced by exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010;298(1):E117-E126. ↗
  8. Bhasin S, Seals D, Migaud M, et al. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Aging Biology: Potential Applications and Many Unknowns. Endocr Rev. 2023;44(6):1047-1073. ↗
  9. Basse AL, Agerholm M, Farup J, et al. NAMPT-dependent NAD(+) biosynthesis controls circadian metabolism in a tissue-specific manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(13):e2220102120. ↗
  10. Grant R, Berg J, Mestayer R, Braidy N, Bennett J, Broom S, Watson J. A Pilot Study Investigating Changes in the Human Plasma and Urine NAD+ Metabolome During a 6 Hour Intravenous Infusion of NAD+. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:257. ↗
  11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Enforcement Report — Class I recall, GenoGenix LLC: NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) for Injection, 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL; reason for recall: elevated endotoxin levels (microbial contamination of sterile products). Recall number D-0094-2026; recall initiated 2025-07-30. ↗
  12. Zhu Y, Xu P, Huang X, Shuai W, Liu L, Zhang S, Zhao R, Hu X, Wang G. From Rate-Limiting Enzyme to Therapeutic Target: The Promise of NAMPT in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920113. ↗
  13. Gossmann TI, Ziegler M, Puntervoll P, de Figueiredo LF, Schuster S, Heiland I. NAD(+) biosynthesis and salvage--a phylogenetic perspective. FEBS J. 2012;279(18):3355-3363. ↗
  14. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, van Weeghel M, Cantó C, Zapata-Pérez R, Janssens GE, Houtkooper RH. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗
  15. Wen J, et al. Improved Physical Performance Parameters in Patients Taking Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN): A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e65961. ↗
  16. Garavaglia S, D'Angelo I, Emanuelli M, Carnevali F, Pierella F, Magni G, Rizzi M. Structure of human NMN adenylyltransferase. A key nuclear enzyme for NAD homeostasis. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(10):8524-8530. ↗