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NAD Telehealth A documentation-style reference on NAD+ — the cellular redox coenzyme read through metabolism: what the human precursor trials (NMN, NR) measured for muscle insulin sensitivity and blood NAD+, and where the IV and injection evidence actually stops.

THE PAPER BEHIND EACH NUMBER

NAD+ references for checking every numbered claim

Match a claim's number with its paper here. Each entry gives the full paper name and a public link. Human, animal, and lab work stay in separate groups.

Return to the main findingsReview blood and muscle studies

What you can check in this NAD+ paper list

A claim number lets you match another page with a paper below. The list includes NMN and NR studies in people. It also includes work in animals and cells in dishes. Each public link opens the paper's own record.

Separate papers cover IV drips and the 2024–2025 reviews. You can compare a short summary with the full paper. First check who or what researchers studied. Then check whether they measured blood, movement, or health.

What each kind of NAD+ paper can show

The human pill papers [1][3][4][6][15] report what happened to people. Check what they took, how much, and for how long. Animal and dish studies [2][7][8][9] show how an idea might work. They can't prove that your body would respond the same way.

Other dish studies [12][13][16] explain how cells make NAD+. They do not show what a supplement does for health. The 2025 review [14] weighs all the human work. Papers [10][11] cover IV drips and risks from pharmacy mixing.

Begin with who or what was studied. Next, check what the researchers measured. A blood change does not mean a person felt better. Keeping that order helps you judge each claim.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, Patti GJ, Franczyk MP, Mills KF, Sindelar M, Pietka T, Patterson BW, Imai SI, Klein S. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, Nin V, Escande C, Warner GM, Puranik AS, Schoon RA, Reid JM, Galina A, Chini EN. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, Lin Z, Vaidya A, Pendse S, Thasma S, Andhalkar N, Avhad G, Kumbhar V. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Elhassan YS, Kluckova K, Fletcher RS, et al. Nicotinamide Riboside Augments the Aged Human Skeletal Muscle NAD(+) Metabolome and Induces Transcriptomic and Anti-inflammatory Signatures. Cell Rep. 2019;28(7):1717-1728.e6. ↗
  7. Costford SR, Bajpeyi S, Pasarica M, et al. Skeletal muscle NAMPT is induced by exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010;298(1):E117-E126. ↗
  8. Bhasin S, Seals D, Migaud M, et al. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Aging Biology: Potential Applications and Many Unknowns. Endocr Rev. 2023;44(6):1047-1073. ↗
  9. Basse AL, Agerholm M, Farup J, et al. NAMPT-dependent NAD(+) biosynthesis controls circadian metabolism in a tissue-specific manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(13):e2220102120. ↗
  10. Grant R, Berg J, Mestayer R, Braidy N, Bennett J, Broom S, Watson J. A Pilot Study Investigating Changes in the Human Plasma and Urine NAD+ Metabolome During a 6 Hour Intravenous Infusion of NAD+. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:257. ↗
  11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Enforcement Report — Class I recall, GenoGenix LLC: NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) for Injection, 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL; reason for recall: elevated endotoxin levels (microbial contamination of sterile products). Recall number D-0094-2026; recall initiated 2025-07-30. ↗
  12. Zhu Y, Xu P, Huang X, Shuai W, Liu L, Zhang S, Zhao R, Hu X, Wang G. From Rate-Limiting Enzyme to Therapeutic Target: The Promise of NAMPT in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920113. ↗
  13. Gossmann TI, Ziegler M, Puntervoll P, de Figueiredo LF, Schuster S, Heiland I. NAD(+) biosynthesis and salvage--a phylogenetic perspective. FEBS J. 2012;279(18):3355-3363. ↗
  14. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, van Weeghel M, Cantó C, Zapata-Pérez R, Janssens GE, Houtkooper RH. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗
  15. Wen J, et al. Improved Physical Performance Parameters in Patients Taking Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN): A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e65961. ↗
  16. Garavaglia S, D'Angelo I, Emanuelli M, Carnevali F, Pierella F, Magni G, Rizzi M. Structure of human NMN adenylyltransferase. A key nuclear enzyme for NAD homeostasis. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(10):8524-8530. ↗